Nurse Anesthesia (M.S.)
Location
The M.S. in nurse anesthesia is offered at the following
location:
Continental United States
Program Description
The master of science degree in nurse anesthesia program prepares
students for expertise in the art and science of anesthesia. Nurse
anesthesia is an evolving profession, sensitive to the needs of society
and the profession. Individuals develop this expertise through a holistic
and complex integration of affective, cognitive, and psychomotor skills.
The philosophy of Webster University’s nurse anesthesia program
is that graduate education is fundamental to preparation for practicing
as a certified registered nurse anesthetist.
Webster University also
believes that the profession of anesthesia requires a scientific
and dynamic approach to assist in the return to health. The professional
nurse anesthetist provides a variety of health services to individual
patients and underserved communities using a variety of theories.
The practice of anesthesia involves assessment, planning, implementation,
directing, and evaluating the care process. The practice of nurse
anesthesia is founded in a long tradition with numerous activities
of the nurse anesthesia profession directed toward disease prevention,
health maintenance, restoration, and rehabilitation. Strong moral,
ethical, and legal codes are fundamental to the practice of nurse anesthesia.
These codes are reflected in internal, external, independent, and interdependent
behaviors.
Education at the graduate
level is an expansion of the knowledge attained from undergraduate
studies. Graduate education at Webster University encourages the development
of advanced skills, theoretical knowledge, and critical thinking skills
to practice the art and science of anesthesia. The art and science
of anesthesia are dynamic and require continued educational endeavors
to stay abreast of current theory. Therefore, the nurse anesthetist
must recognize the need to enhance one’s
knowledge and improve one’s skills as a lifelong endeavor in
the discipline of nurse anesthesia. The curriculum spans 2 1/2 years
of continuous enrollment. The program is accredited for ten years until
2011.
Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of the program, students should:
- Be able to discuss
professional issues impacting the practice of nurse anesthesia.
- Demonstrate professional behaviors in classroom,
clinical, and organizational activities.
- Have participated in local, state, and national
professional organizations and activities.
- Have maintained associate membership
in the AANA.
- Accept responsibility
for the scope of advanced nursing practice.
- Be able to serve as a resource and teacher for patients, communities,
and other health care professionals.
- Exhibit strong ethics and personal
integrity in all professional pursuits.
- Search for and develop a knowledge base that supports the
art and science of anesthesia in a profession that is constantly
growing.
- Demonstrate
critical thinking and good decision-making in the classroom,
during anesthesia discussions, and in the practice of anesthesia.
- Pursue creative and innovative learning activities that demonstrate
a commitment to continuing education and research.
- Be guided by strong
ethics and personal integrity in all academic pursuits.
- Be able to discuss and integrate scientific theories into the
practice of anesthesia.
- Function as leaders and scientific researchers
in anesthesia, pain management, and related fields.
- Have proposed, developed, completed,
and defended a thesis that incorporates a comprehensive understanding
of research methods and scientific practice.
- Be able to document current, accurate, and comprehensive data,
observations, and findings in the clinic.
- Serve as an advocate for patient
safety at all times.
- Be able
to select the appropriate equipment, pharmaceuticals, and tests
for the administration of anesthesia.
- Be able to perform a
preanesthetic evaluation and physical examination of the patient.
- Be able to establish a rapport with the patient, family,
and/or significant others for preanesthetic teaching, psychological
support, and discussion of the course of anesthesia.
- Be able to prepare the patient
physically, psychologically, and physiologically for the administration
of anesthesia.
- Be able to administer
and manage a wide variety of regional, general, and MAC anesthetics.
- Be able to develop an anesthetic plan that reflects
the needs of the patient and within the standards of anesthetic
practice.
- Be able
to demonstrate the skills required for airway management and circulatory
support.
- Be able to identify clinical problems or complications
that may complicate anesthesia care, at any point during the administration,
management, and emergence from anesthesia.
- Be able to evaluate and manage post anesthetic
conditions related to anesthesia.
- Be able to maintain accurate records as related to anesthesia
and the administration of treatments and pharmacological agents.
- Be able
to complete verbal and written care plans, write case studies,
obtain daily evaluations, and participate in clinical conferences
on campus and at clinical facilities.
- Practice nurse anesthesia that
is at all times guided by strong ethics and personal integrity
Clinical Education Partners
Sites for beginning level (first year) clinical experiences may include
DePaul Health Center, Des Peres Hospital, St. Joseph’s Hospital
of Kirkwood and the Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center.
Nurse
anesthesia residents may obtain clinical experiences at the intermediate
(second year) and advanced (third year) levels at any of our affiliated
institutions. They include *Cardinal Glennon Children’s Hospital,
DePaul Health Center, Des Peres Hospital, Forest Park Hospital, HealthSouth
Outpatient Surgery Center, Jefferson Memorial Hospital, Lake Regional
Hospital, Missouri Baptist Medical Center, Phelps County Regional Medical
Center, St. Joseph’s Hospital in Kirkwood, *St. Louis University
Hospital, the Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center.
*Sites that are
new in 2006
Program Curriculum
Enrollment requires admission to the nurse anesthesia program or special
permission of the Program Director.
Required Science Courses
CHEM 5500 Biochemistry
PHYS 5500 Physics for Anesthesia
SCIN 5000 Review of Chemistry, Physics, Math, and Computers
BIOL 5200 Advanced Anatomy and Physiology I, including lab
BIOL 5300 Advanced Anatomy and Physiology II, including lab
BIOL 5320 Advanced Anatomy and Physiology III, including lab
BIOL 5250 Biostatistics for Nurse Anesthesia I
BIOL 5280 Biostatistics for Nurse Anesthesia II
BIOL 6255 Cell Biology
BIOL 6650 Developmental Biology
BIOL 6300 Epidemiology
BIOL 5780 Genetics
BIOL 5800 Introduction to Research
BIOL 6500 Immunology
BIOL 6600 Microbiology
BIOL 6640 Microbiology II
BIOL 6460 Neuroendocrinology
BIOL 5900 Pathophysiology I
BIOL 6100 Pathophysiology II
BIOL 5700 Pharmacology I
BIOL 6000 Pharmacology II
BIOL 6200 Pharmacology III
Required Nurse Anesthesia Courses
BIOL 5400 Introduction to Anesthesia
BIOL 5450 Basics of Anesthesia
BIOL 5500 Principles of Anesthesia I
BIOL 6270 Principles of Anesthesia II
BIOL 5510 Anesthesia Concepts I
BIOL 5550 Anesthesia Concepts II
BIOL 5570 Anesthesia Concepts III
BIOL 5960 Seminars in Anesthesia I
BIOL 6050 Seminars in Anesthesia II
BIOL 6160 Seminars in Anesthesia III
BIOL 6260 Seminars in Anesthesia IV
Required Nurse Anesthesia Clinical Courses
BIOL 5600, 5760, and 5770: Clinical Experience I, II, and III, Beginning
Level
BIOL 6220, 6230, 6240, 6280, and 6290: Clinical Experience IV, V, VI,
VII, and VIII, Intermediate Level
BIOL 6420, 6430, 6440, and 6450: Clinical Experience IX, X, XI, and
XII, Advanced Level
Required Thesis Courses
BIOL 6310/6320/6330/6340/6350/6360: Research/Thesis Project I–VI
Number of required hours: 75 hours
Admission
Requirements for admission to the nurse anesthesia program
include:
- Baccalaureate degree in nursing or equivalent (related basic
science degree) from a fully accredited college with submission of
application and a graduate of an approved school of nursing. Coursework
in chemistry and physics is strongly recommended.
- A cumulative G.P.A. of 3.0 on
a 4.0 scale for undergraduate studies or evidence of outstanding
post-graduation academic achievement.
- A minimum of one year of experience in an acute care setting
as a professional registered nurse.
- Current licensure as a registered
professional nurse, Missouri licensure required for once admitted.
- A copy of your current nursing license.
Reciprocity inquiries should be directed to: Missouri State Board
of Nursing, P.O. Box 656, Jefferson City, MO 65102 (573) 751-2334
- A current résumé describing
professional education, experience, and any other supporting activities.
- Three evaluations
providing assessment of professional performance, continuing
education, and character traits. Include at least one assessment
from a CRNA and one from an immediate supervisor.
- Official transcripts
from all universities, colleges, and professional schools sent
to Webster University Office of Graduate and Evening Student Admissions.
- A personal interview.
Academic Performance
Students must earn a minimum cumulative G.P.A.
of 3.0 during the course of graduate study, and are permitted only
1 course grade of “C”.
General
Requirements
Enrollment in all nurse anesthesia courses requires
admission to the nurse anesthesia program. Completion of the courses
will occur in the sequence prescribed by the program for the cohort
group in which enrolled; deviations from this sequence, or enrollment
without admission to the program require special permission of the
Program Director.
Students
in this program are subject to the policies and procedures for graduate
studies for Webster University and the nurse anesthesia program.
[ Top of Page ]
Continuous Enrollment
Graduate students enrolled in the nurse anesthesia program must maintain
continuous enrollment, or request special permission from the Program
Director.
Course Descriptions
CHEM 5500 Biochemistry (3)
Investigates fundamental metabolic pathways, the biochemistry of acid-base
metabolism, and the principles of ligand to protein interactions
that may be applicable to anesthesia.
PHYS 5500 Physics for Anesthesia
(2)
Provides the student an opportunity
to correlate physical properties as they apply to the physiology, pathology,
and pharmacology of anesthesia. Major emphasis is on states of matter,
gas laws, thermodynamics, fluids, theories of narcosis, oxygen and
ancillary gas delivery devices, heat, humidification, and pressure
regulation. The student engages in critical thinking regarding the
effects of these various principles on homeostatic functions and its
relation to the client’s state of health/wellness
as it interacts with culturally diverse populations in the twenty-first
century.
SCIN 5000 Review Chemistry/Physics/Math/Introduction to Computers
(0)
Reviews basic medical mathematics, chemistry, and physics. The central
purpose of the course is to bridge the principles of physics with
clinical applications. Physics provides a foundation for the understanding
of many physiological processes and is important in understanding
the design and proper use of anesthesia equipment and monitoring
devices. Students will be introduced to the basic concepts of computers,
and computers will be used to integrate the material of the courses.
BIOL
5200 Advanced Anatomy and Physiology I, includes lab experience (3)
Provides the student an opportunity to build upon basic knowledge of
the anatomy and physiology of cells, tissues, and blood, and the following
systems: musculoskeletal, neuroendocrine, and respiratory systems,
and their applicability to anesthesia and acute care. A review of cell
physiology is followed by in-depth analysis of muscular, nervous, and
circulatory systems. Gross anatomy includes study of head and neck,
and thorax. The student engages in critical thinking regarding the
effects of anesthetics on physiologic functions and their relation
to the client’s state of health/wellness as it interacts with
the culturally diverse population in the twenty-first century.
BIOL
5250 Biostatistics for Nurse Anesthesia I (3)
A basic introduction to the use of statistics in nurse anesthesia.
Topics covered include: descriptive statistics, probability, sampling
estimation, t- and Z-tests, chi-square tests, one-way analysis of
variance, and regression analysis. Computers will be used for some
computational analysis.
BIOL 5280 Biostatistics for Nurse Anesthesia II (3)
Continuation of Biostatistics I. Covers nonparametric statistics,
two-way analysis of variance, and mulitvariate analysis. Most of
the analysis will be done using computer programs.
BIOL 5300 Advanced Anatomy and
Physiology II, includes lab experience (3)
Provides the student an opportunity to continue building upon basic
knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular, digestive,
hepatic, reproductive, and renal systems, with particular reference
to anesthesia and acute care management. An in-depth analysis will
be made of the cardiovascular system. The student engages in critical
thinking regarding the effects of anesthesia on normal physiologic
functions of the cardiovascular and renal systems. Continuation of
gross anatomy study of thorax and abdominal and pelvic regions.
BIOL
5320 Advanced Anatomy and Physiology III, includes lab experience
(3)
This course is a continuation of Anatomy and Physiology II. It continues
to explore the topics of the cardiovascular, digestive, hepatic,
reproductive, and renal systems, with particular reference to anesthesia
and acute care management. An in-depth analysis will be made of the
cardiovascular system. The student engages in critical thinking regarding
the effects of anesthesia on normal physiologic functions of the
cardiovascular and renal systems. Continuation of gross anatomy study
of thorax and abdominal and pelvic regions.
BIOL 5400 Introduction to Anesthesia (3)
This course includes a Journal Club. It is the first course in anesthesia
designed to introduce the student to the basic professional aspects
of nurse anesthesia practice including professional development,
ethical, social, and legal issues. Introduction to the field of
anesthesia also includes orientation to the basic physical facility,
equipment, fundamental pharmacology, anesthetic techniques, objectives
of Healthy People 2010, historical perspectives, and specialties
in the field of anesthesia. Students will be introduced to case
planning, standards of practice, systematic strategies for preanesthetic
assessment, and analyzing physiological principles. A Journal Club
that enhances the content accompanies this course. It affords the
student an opportunity to research the various content areas and
develop presentation skills. This course includes state-of-the-art
computer simulation to assist in developing the initial skills
required for administering anesthesia. Professional development
opportunities occur through the attendance of local, state, and national
anesthesia meetings. This course includes a multi-day orientation
to clinical experiences.
BIOL 5450 Basics of Anesthesia (2)
This course is a continuation of BIOL 5400, Introduction to Anesthesia,
it includes a Journal Club. It is designed to introduce the student
to the basic professional aspects of nurse anesthesia practice
including professional development, ethical, social, and legal
issues. Introduction to the field of anesthesia also includes orientation
to the basic physical facility, equipment, fundamental pharmacology,
anesthetic techniques, objectives of Healthy People 2010, historical
perspectives, and specialties in the field of anesthesia. Students
will be introduced to case planning, standards of practice, systematic
strategies for preanesthetic assessment, and analyzing physiological
principles. This fundamental course begins prior to the start of
the clinical practicum and then proceeds in conjunction with BIOL
5600 Clinical Experience I, to give students a comprehensive background.
A Journal Club that enhances the content taught in Introduction
to Anesthesia accompanies this course. It affords the student an
opportunity to research the various content areas and develop presentation
skills. This course includes state-of-the-art computer simulation
to assist in developing the initial skills required for administering
anesthesia. Professional development opportunities occur through
the attendance of local, state, and national anesthesia meetings.
Prerequisite: admission to the M.S. in nurse anesthesia program.
BIOL 5500 Principles
of Anesthesia I (3)
This course is the first of two courses designed to introduce the
student to the art and science of nurse anesthesia. The course
includes discussion of professional aspects and anesthetic principles,
and introduction to comprehensive anesthetic planning, monitoring,
co-existing disease states, and pharmacology. This course includes
discussion of medical and systems management during the administration
of anesthesia. It emphasizes the effects of anesthesia on the cardiovascular
and respiratory systems. It includes state-of-the-art computer
simulation to assist in the integration of didactic content and
development of clinical skills. This course is offered in conjunction
with BIOL 5710 Clinical Experience II. Professional development
opportunities occur through the attendance of local, state, and
national anesthesia meetings.
BIOL
5510 Anesthesia Concepts I (2)
This course continues to build on the foundation provided by the
Principles of Anesthesia courses I and II. It includes a presentation
of advanced techniques and procedures in anesthesia. The placement,
management, and interpretation of invasive monitors will be discussed.
Advanced anesthesia concepts and techniques of pain management and
critical care management following anesthesia will be discussed.
The topics are integrated with BIOL 6210 Clinical Experience IV,
and represent a thorough investigation into specialty fields of anesthesia.
State-of-the-art computer simulation to assist in the integration
of didactic content and clinical skills is included. Professional
development opportunities occur through the attendance of local,
state, and national anesthesia meetings.
BIOL 5550 Anesthesia Concepts II (3)
This course is an extension of BIOL 5510 Anesthesia Concepts I and
includes the presentation of advanced techniques and monitors in
anesthesia specifically related to the specialty areas of regional,
pediatric, and obstetric anesthesia care. The advanced principles
and techniques associated with each of these specialty areas of
practice will be discussed. The topics are integrated with learning
labs, continuing clinical experiences in BIOL 6210 Clinical Experience
V, and throughout the remainder of the program. State-of-the-art
computer simulation to assist in the integration of didactic content
and clinical skills is included. Professional development opportunities
occur through the attendance of local, state, and national anesthesia
meetings.
BIOL 5570 Anesthesia Concepts III (2)
This course is a continuation of Anesthesia Concepts II and includes
the presentation of advanced techniques and monitors in anesthesia
specifically related to the specialty areas of regional, pediatric,
and obstetric anesthesia care. The advanced principles and techniques
associated with each of these specialty areas of practice will
be discussed. The topics are integrated with learning labs, continuing
clinical experiences in BIOL 6210 Clinical Experience V, and throughout
the remainder of the program. State-of-the-art computer simulation
to assist in the integration of didactic content and clinical skills
is included. Professional development opportunities occur through
the attendance of local, state, and national anesthesia meetings.
BIOL 5600, 5760, and 5770 Clinical Experience I, II, and III, Beginning
Level
Clinical experiences are designed to provide a progressive and integrative
experience that coincides with didactic coursework. The clinical
experiences are all supervised, and have been divided into four levels,
each building on the experience of the previous level. Nurse anesthesia
residents attend state-of-the-art computer simulation activities
10 times to serve as a bridge between the classroom and the clinical
experiences. It provides opportunities for skills development as
well as management of high-intensity, low-frequency events. This
closely supervised experience focuses primarily on the management
of ASA I and II patients, although the management of ASA III through
V cases may be included. Cases involving invasive monitoring will
be scheduled as appropriate. It includes all preanesthetic and patient
assessment activities for general, regional, and MAC anesthesia,
administration of the anesthetic, and postanesthesia care. A weekly
case conference following the clinical experience will assist the
nurse anesthesia resident in the integration of academic and clinical
content. All case scheduling and management will assist the resident
in meeting the guidelines and requirements for the National Certification
Examination.
BIOL 5700 Pharmacology I (3)
This course is the first in a series of three which focuses on advanced
pharmacological concepts in anesthetic administration including pharmacodynamics
(pharmacotherapeutics), pharmacokinetics, and toxicology profiles
of primary inhaled anesthetic agents. Problem-solving applications
in the clinical area are utilized especially as they relate to
proper drug selection, dose calculation, and administration.
BIOL 5780 Genetics
(1)
Presents an overview of human genetics and its relationship to the
disease process. Principles of transmission genetics will be covered.
Abnormalities of the nervous, cardiac, respiratory, and muscular
systems will be addressed. The molecular basis for various inborn
errors of cellular activity and how it relates to the delivery of
anesthesia will be covered.
BIOL 5800 Introduction to Research (2)
Focuses on the research process from problem formulation to analysis
and interpretation. Quantitative and qualitative methodologies are
addressed. The fundamental knowledge needed to plan, implement, and
evaluate a research study is provided.
BIOL 5900 Pathophysiology I (3)
Lecture and discussion of pathologic states common to the surgical
population which may affect the delivery of anesthesia. Focus will
be on primary disease processes of the nervous, endocrine, and respiratory
systems, common therapies, and their relationship to preoperative
planning and case management.
BIOL 5960, 6050, 6160, and 6260 Seminars in Anesthesia/Board
Review I, II, III, and IV (0)
Seminars in anesthesia courses are a compendium of topics utilized
to embellish the professional development of the resident registered
nurse anesthetist. These seminars are tailored to the adult learner
and offer a comprehensive review in preparation for the National
Certification Examination offered by the Council on Certification
of Nurse Anesthetists following graduation. A combination of presentations,
case studies, and problem-based learning will be employed. The student
is expected to actively participate in a thorough preparation and
review process. State-of-the-art computer simulation to assist in
the integration of didactic content and clinical skills is included.
Professional development opportunities continue to occur through
the attendance of local, state, and national anesthesia meetings.
BIOL 6000 Pharmacology II (3)
This is the second in a series of pharmacology courses, and it addresses
specific intravenous anesthetic agents. Pharmacology II is a more
intensive examination of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
of intravenous anesthetic agents, barbiturates, muscle relaxants,
and adjuvant drugs used in anesthesia. The scope of pharmacology
is widened to include the effects of anesthetic drugs on the nervous
system. The autonomic, sympathetic, parasympathetic, and central
nervous systems will be thoroughly examined.
BIOL 6100 Pathophysiology II (3)
Continuation of BIOL 5900 Pathophysiology I. Focus will be on primary
disease processes of the cardiovascular, renal, and digestive systems,
common therapies, and their relationship to preoperative planning
and anesthesia case management.
BIOL 6200 Pharmacology III (3)
Pharmacology III is the third course in a series emphasizing the
pharmacology related to the cardiovascular, respiratory, and endocrine
systems. Pharmacology III will also address the nonanesthetic drugs
related to the practice of anesthesia. Topics like antibiotic,
antifungal, and antiviral therapy, the use of pharmacology in HIV,
TB, hepatitis, hematologic, and oncologic disorders will be presented.
Dermatologic and gastrointestinal pharmacology will be presented
as they relate to anesthesia using the clinical practicum and with
special focus on clinical applications.
BIOL 6220, 6230, 6240, 6280, and 6290 Clinical
Experience IV, V, VI, VII, and VIII, Intermediate Level
At the intermediate level, the nurse anesthesia resident begins full-time
clinical experiences that are designed to provide anesthetic experiences
in routine as well as specialty practice settings. These supervised
experiences can occur in obstetrics, radiology, pediatrics, cardiothoracic,
and neurosurgical procedures. In addition, the nurse anesthesia resident
may gain experience in pain management and the pulmonary lab. Nurse
anesthesia residents will utilize advanced anesthetic management
techniques involving medically complex patient management. All case
scheduling will lead toward the requirements for the National Certification
Examination.
BIOL
6255 Cellular Biology (3)
Covers fundamental concepts of the structure and function of human
cells. The course begins with a light microscope study of tissue
cells and an electron micrograph study of specific cells; followed
by a study of organelle function; and ending with cellular perspectives
on the nervous system, immunology, and cancer as they relate to anesthesia.
BIOL 6270 Principles of Anesthesia II (3)
This course is the continuation of BIOL 5500 Principles of Anesthesia
I, and includes an advanced focus in pathophysiology and medical
and systems management during anesthesia care. It includes a discussion
of advanced anesthetic principles and management of various disease
states, emphasizing the effects of anesthesia on the nervous, endocrine,
hepatic, renal, and cardiovascular and respiratory systems. It also
includes discussion of anesthesia for the trauma patient. This course
is offered in conjunction with BIOL 5710 Clinical Experience III.
State-of-the-art computer simulation to assist in the integration
and development of didactic content and clinical skills is included.
Prerequisite: BIOL 5500 Principles of Anesthesia I.
BIOL 6300 Epidemiology/Models
in Clinical Research (1)
Presents an introduction to principles, methods, and uses of epidemiology.
Distribution of populations at high risk, surveillance of health
status, planning, evaluation of census, vital data, and health
statistics as baseline indices of health status at community, state,
and national levels will be presented. Attention will be given
to determine the relevance of the findings of epidemiological studies
to the clinical practice of anesthesia to individuals, families,
groups, and communities.
BIOL
6310, 6320, 6330, 6340, 6350, and 6360 Research/Thesis Project I, II,
III, IV, V, VI (1 credit hour each)
The design of this course is progressive, culminating in a master’s
thesis/research project. The course offers the student the opportunity
to do research under the direction of a member of Webster University
faculty. The student will begin with a proposal and progress through
research design, literature search, implementation of the research
project, and developing presentation of data from the research.
BIOL
6420, 6430, 6440, and 6450 Clinical Experience IX, X, XI, and XII (Advanced
Level)
Clinical experiences at the advanced level continue to be supervised,
but the nurse anesthesia resident is expected to demonstrate increasing
autonomy and utilize appropriate critical thinking and decision-making
skills in the management of all classifications of patients from ASA
I–V and emergencies requiring anesthesia care. All case scheduling
will lead toward the requirements for the National Certification Examination.
BIOL
6460 Neuroendocrinology (3)
Covers the principles of hormonal regulation. Special attention to
hormonal mechanisms and action and feedback will be studied. The
relationship between the endocrine system and the nervous system
will be emphasized regarding receptors related to anesthesia.
BIOL 6500 Immunology (2)
Covers the structure and function of leukocytes and the classification
of antibodies. The principles of immunosuppression and the mechanism
of the immune response will be studied for the perianesthetic period.
BIOL 6600 Microbiology (2)
Focuses on properties of bacteria, viruses, and fungi as well as the
pathogen-host interactions. An introduction to the molecular genetics
of bacteria and viruses. The relation of these organisms to anesthesia
and their control will be explored.
BIOL 6640 Microbiology II (2)
This course is a continuation of Microbiology. It continues the study
of bacteria, viruses, and fungi as well as the pathogen-host interactions.
An introduction to the molecular genetics of bacteria and viruses.
The relation of these organisms to anesthesia and their control will
be explored.
BIOL 6650 Developmental Biology (1)
Focuses on the development of the anatomical and physiological process
from embryo to newborn. Normal and pathological conditions will be
compared, and anesthesia implications will be discussed.
