Dr. Pierre Liénard received a Ph.D. in Anthropology based on extensive fieldwork in Eastern Africa and Brazil. He has received training in traditional fieldwork techniques, cognitive anthropology, and evolutionary psychology.  His research is based on an evolutionary approach to human cultures. His interests include investigation of trust and exchange in conditions of great environmental and political uncertainty. Currently Dr. Liénard is a post-doctoral research scholar at Washington University in St. Louis and is now doing research on individual and collective ritualized behavior as well as evolutionary aspects of precautionary behavior.