Human Development Exam III Study Guide

You should be able to:

1. Describe how psychoanalytic, psychometric (trait), and social learning theories explain personality development.

2. Define self-concept and trace the emergence of self-concept during infancy and changes across the life-span.

3. Explain the concept of temperament.

4. Describe how temperament styles interact with caregiver characteristics.

5. Name and describe Erikson's first four stages of psychosocial development that occur during infancy and childhood.

6. Define self-esteem and factors influencing self-esteem.

7. Describe the changes that occur in the development of children's and adolescent's self-esteeem.

8. Describe developments in self-concept and self-esteem that occur during adolescence.

9. Discuss Erikson's psychosocial conflict of adolescence.

10. Describe each of Marcia's four identity statuses.

11. Discuss how social influences affect identity formation.

12. Describe Erikson's psychosocial stages of early, middle, and late adulthood.

13. Discuss whether personality changes in systematic ways in adulthood and reasons why people change or remain the same.

14. Explain gender roles and stereotypes.

15. Describe gender-role development of preschool-age children, including acquisition of gender identity, gender stereotypes, and gender-typed behavior.

16. Explain how Eagly's social role hypothesis explains gender stereotypes.

17. Be able to differentiate between Money and Ehrhardt's biosocial theory, Freud's psychoanalytic, social learning, and cognitive-developmental theories of gender-role development.

18. Describe what theoretical explanations account for gender-typed behavior and discuss how well these theories are supported.

19. Describe gender role changes throughout adulthood.

20. Define androgyny.

21. Describe what is known about infant sexuality.

22. Describe factors which contribute to the development of sexual orientation.

23. Describe what is known about adolescents' sexual attitudes and behavior today.

24. Describe changes which occur in sexual activity during adulthood.

25. Describe the video The Johnsons and discuss the main points of the video.

26. Describe the video Silent Pioneers and discuss main points of the video.

27. Discuss the concept of social cognition.

28. Explain what is a theory of mind and describe how it is assessed.

29. Define morality and the basic components of morality.

30. Describe Freud's theory of morality.

31. Compare and contrast Piaget's stages of moral development.

32. Describe Kohlberg's levels and stages of moral reasoning.

33. Evaluate Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning, addressing whether research supports the theory, and the claims that the theory might be biased or incomplete.

34. Describe how social learning theorists explain moral behavior.

35. Describe what infants understand about morality and prosocial behavior.

36. Describe the parenting characteristics which contribute to the development of morality.

37. Describe the changes in moral reasoning in adolescence.

38. Describe the relationship of adolescent moral development to antisocial behavior in adolescence.

39. Describe any changes in moral reasoning and behavior which occur during adulthood.

40. Describe Bowlby's theory of attachment.

41. Describe the development of a caregiver's attachment to an infant, including features of infants and caregivers that facilitate attachment.

42. Describe the development of an infant's attachment to a caregiver.

43. Discuss how quality of attachment is assessed and how it relates to later development.

44. Describe the developmental course of children's friendships, and indicate factors that contribute to peer acceptance and popularity or to peer rejection.

45. Describe the different types of play which evolve during the first few years of life and the developmental benefits of play.

46. Describe how relationships with peers and parents change during adolesence and the influence of peers and parents on adolescents.

47. Discuss social networks and friendships during adulthood.

48. Describe the factors which contribute to mate selection and influence of early attachment style on later type of romantic relationship.

Additional Terms (not included in above):

ageism	autonomy vs. shame/doubt	categorical self
diffusion status	foreclosure status	generativity vs. stagnation
identity achievement	status industry vs. inferiority	identity vs. role confusion
initiative vs. guilt	integrity vs. despair	intimacy vs. isolation
life review	looking-glass self	moratorium period
moratorium status	self-regulation	social comparison
sociability	trust vs. mistrust	androgenized females
double standard	Electra complex	gender consistency
gender identity	gender-role	gender schema
gender typing	identification	Oedipus complex
post-traumatic stress	sexual orientation	amoral
coercive family environment	conventional morality	empathy
internalization	love withdrawal	moral affect
morality of care	morality of justice	moral reasoning
moral rules	postconventional morality	power assertion
preconventional morality	proactive aggression	prosocial behavior
reactive aggression	role-taking skills	social-conventional rules
attachment	avoidant attachment	chumship
conformity	contact comfort	disorganized/disoriented
attachment	equity	imprinting
internal working model	peer	pretend play
resistant attachment	secure attachment	secure base
separation anxiety	pretend play	socioemotional selectivity hypothesis
sociometric techniques	stranger anxiety	Strange Situation test